从政治竞争看宪法法院在亚洲的不同命运——对韩国、印尼和泰国的比较分析

作为西方国家法治进步的产物,宪法法院在20世纪后期陆续进入亚洲国家,成为民主转型过程中重要的制度设计,但其实际效果却存在差异。韩国宪法法院在功能上呈现"多点开花"的态势,在民主、法治和人权等领域均表现良好。印尼宪法法院成功解决了总统选举过程中的争议,维护了基本的民主规则。相比之下,泰国宪法法院则经历了"高开低走"的蜕变。它在成立初期相对较好地履行了宪法赋予的职责,2006年之后却越来越深入地卷入到政治斗争之中,丧失了独立品格,做出了一系列明显违反法治精神的判决。对此,既有解释存在"西方中心主义"的弊端,而且难以同时解释宪法法院在建立和运行两个阶段的不同情况。作为一种以民主转型国家实践经验为基础的学说,政治竞争理论因其内生性、系统性的视角而具有更强的解释力。以该理论视角观察宪法法院在韩国、印尼和泰国的不同命运,在验证其科学性的同时,可以发现其中隐含的前提条件及其适用范围的有限性。     

特朗普政府对华军事战略评析及对策思考

在国际政治正重回“大国竞争时代”的背景下,美国已将中国视为全球、全方位、首要战略竞争对手。特朗普政府对华军事战略包括军事战略目标、地缘战略重点、军力资源配置、作战思想、军事装备技术竞争等多方面内容,在美国对华战略判断日益消极的前提下,中国军力的发展、战略空间的拓展以及中美战略竞争将受到深远影响。针对中美实力对比、管控中美战略竞争、应对未来可能出现的中美军事冲突等,我们应当保持战略定力和战略自信,自主回应“大国竞争”,军、政、经等多领域配合,“拆解”美国对华军事战略、努力寻找和扩大中美共同利益,缓解美国对华敌意。     

The relationship between competition and efficiency of waste-collection services in the Czech Republic

This paper examines the role of the competition on the waste-collection market. Based on the case study of the Czech Republic, we evaluate the influence of competition intensity on supply side of the market on efficiency of waste-collection services. The rate of competition was approximated by the number of submitted bids to public tenders and efficiency was measured by per capita expenditures for municipal waste-collection services. We developed two regression models – the first model verified a competitive effect on the public procurement market for the provision of waste-collection services; the second model identified factors that affected municipal expenditures for waste-collection services per capita. We concluded that the competition in the waste-collection market increases by organising open tenders for suppliers at regular intervals, by adapting the duration of contracts to economic life of fixed assets, by sustaining pressure on service providers through a change in suppliers or the distribution of contracts among jurisdictions.     

中美竞争法律制度比较研究

社会主义市场经济的顺利发展,有赖于竞争机制的形成和运转。竞争法作为维护市场经济公平有效的手段,在市场经济国家中占有十分重要的地位。中国加入世贸组织,对竞争法律制度的完善尤为重要。比较中美两国的竞争法律制度及其差异原因,由美国社会市场经济法制建设中得到的若干启发,可有效促进我国竞争法的建设和完善。     

The institutional-evolutionary antitrust model

The purpose of this article is to provide an alternative antitrust model to the mainstream model that is used in competition policy. I call it the Institutional-Evolutionary Antitrust Model. In order to construct an antitrust model one needs both empirical knowledge and considerations of how to adequately deal with norms. The analysis of competition as an evolutionary process that unfolds within legal rules provides the empirical foundation for the model. The development of the normative dimension involves the elaboration of a comparative approach. Building on those foundations the main features of the Institutional-Evolutionary Model are sketched out and it is shown that its use leads to systematically different outcomes and conclusions than the dominant antitrust ideals. JEL Classification B52. D83. K21     

我国反不正当竞争法的缺陷及完善

1993年颁布的《反不正当竞争法》在维护我国市场竞争秩序方面发挥了重要作用。但随着我国市场经济的发展,一些新型的不正当竞争行为大量出现,该法在立法体例、实体内容及程序方面暴露出一些缺陷及漏洞。为此,应该及时吸收先进的国际立法经验,完善我国的《反不正当竞争法》,为参与国际贸易和经济技术交流与合作创造公平、公正的竞争环境。     

从欧盟竞争法看中国的反垄断法

中国加入WTO后 ,面临着和世界经济全面接轨 ,却存在着一个巨大的法律真空 ,即缺乏对竞争机制的全面有效保护。无论是从生存还是发展的角度出发 ,中国都急需制订一部竞争法。欧盟竞争法虽然来源于美国反垄断法的思想 ,但是它吸收了其内部成员国的国内法的合理内核 ,同时兼顾两大法系的协调问题 ,顺应竞争法的新的发展趋势。毫无疑问 ,欧盟竞争法对于中国的反垄断立法具有一定的启示和借鉴意义     

The Road to EU Membership. Enforcing Competition Policy in Hungary: Double Protection and Domestic Developments

The present article is concerned withthe so-called process of harmonisation to theCommunity Law, which is taking place in thecentral eastern European countries, candidatesto join the European Union. Specifically, thisarticle deals with the building of a matureHungarian competition policy, inaccordance with the acquis communautaire,as part of a larger long-term programme ofpro-market decisions concerning privatisationand market openness. On the one hand, theso-called iterated multi-level interaction indifferent arenas between Hungarian institutionsand the Union, structured on path-dependentdynamics, influences the mechanisms and thetiming of harmonisation to the EuropeanUnion. On the other hand, the gradualempowerment of an independent national Office of Economic Competition and theprogress made to the adaptation of policystructures and policy behaviours to theEuropean Union's canons and laws are taken asthe main factors explaining the development ofa clear, predictable, and transparent processof competition law enforcement. Byfollowing a multidisciplinary approach, thisarticle combines an analysis of the meaning ofboth the Hungarian Competition Act and theprovisions on competition contained in the Europe Agreement, alongside a study of theirenforcement experience, revealing a gap betweenthe high consistency of the Hungariandiscipline on competition protection withEuropean Union law and the real enforcement capacity.     

从垄断的社会主义走向竞争的社会主义

以竞争与垄断为视角,分析我国社会主义的发展历程,可以认为我国传统的社会主义是垄断的社会主义。改革开放后,垄断的社会主义开始向竞争的社会主义转变。垄断的社会主义会把社会主义带进死胡同,唯有竞争的社会主义才有生命力。社会主义需要竞争,竞争也需要社会主义。只有把社会主义与竞争有机结合起来,我国社会才会既充满活力,又能实现公平,才能健康发展。     

论中美俄在北极的复杂关系

北极国际格局十分复杂,中美俄三国在北极的关系呈现出竞争与合作并存的复杂态势,在北极利益的争夺之中也保持着多领域的合作,在不同象限有不同的"朋友"或"敌人"的定位,任何简单化的解读都无法厘清相互之间的关系。三国不同的利益诉求和战略逻辑导致俄美合作回旋空间缩小而冲突持续存在,中美竞争导致美方伤及自身,俄罗斯虽然试图"转向自身",但中俄两国北极合作将继续深化。中美俄作为重要的北极利益攸关方,应探索北极合作新模式,维护北极地区的和平与稳定。